Application of titanium plate and its alloys

Because of the dense titanium light weight, high strength than aluminum , can be maintained at a high temperature than aluminum and high- strength aerospace industry are highly valued . Given the density of titanium, 57% steel , and its specific strength ( strength / weight ratio or strength / density ratio than them registering strength) , anti- corrosion, anti -oxidation, anti-fatigue capabilities are strong, titanium 3/ 4 is used alloy structural materials in aerospace structures represented by 1/ 4 is mainly used as corrosion resistant alloys .

Titanium has a low strength and high plasticity , medium and high strength of the strong points for the 200 ( low intensity ) to 1300 ( high strength ) MPa , but in general can be seen as a high-strength titanium alloy . They are considered than in the strong -strength aluminum alloy for high strength has been completely on some models can replace steel . And the strength of the aluminum alloy at a temperature above 150 ℃ decreased rapidly compared certain titanium alloys at 600 ℃ still maintain good strength.

In addition to strength, according to purpose can be divided into heat and corrosion resistance, low temperature and special features ( such as TiNi shape memory alloy , TiFe hydrogen storage alloys ) and other alloys, the phase composition can be divided by α, α + β α and β and near metastable and several types . Alloy production so far has more than 100 species, only about 10 species widely used in industry . Where the structure of the alloy used for the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy accounted for in the whole sale market of 60% , ranking the leading position , followed by Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, its long-term working temperature up to 500 ℃ ( 780 ~ strength 980 MPa ) .

However, there are two major factors that make titanium resource-rich elements can not become commonly used metals. The first is cost. According to the U.S. market price per pound ( 1 pound = 0.45 kg ) of titanium ingots USD 8 to 12 , aluminum ingots 1.00 to $ 1.30 / lb, carbon steel is $ 0.20 ~ 0.40 / lb . But the main factor is the active titanium itself extremely difficult to deal with . Must be strictly controlled atmosphere furnace , welding shall be carried out in an inert atmosphere . Titanium high activity , low thermal conductivity , deformation resistance , poor plasticity at room temperature , the deformation process is not only easy and die bonding, in particular during machining bonded abrasive tools and tends to heat the surface processing , so that the standard manufacture of large structural parts of the waste to produce titanium scrap, so-called residual titanium . Usually titanium ingot forging process can produce 70% of the residual titanium , sometimes up to 90% of this figure .

To reduce the burden caused by the high cost , while the development of the residual titanium processing technology, on the other hand the development of near net shape , super plastic forming, precision casting and powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing and diffusion of high-tech connection . Such as processed by milling , shaping, sintering or hot isostatic pressing method of consolidation near net shape powder metallurgy products as parts, material utilization up to 80% , both to reduce the material consumption , but also significantly reduces the amount of machining . Another example is the large-scale thin-wall casting technology in titanium alloy , titanium castings performance close to titanium forgings , while reducing costs by 50 %.

The main areas of consumption titanium and titanium alloy is first aviation industry . 1980s , American aviation industry accounts for 74.8% of the titanium with a titanium total amount , Russia, the United Kingdom , also mainly used in the aerospace industry, 90% of titanium in Japan for civilian industry. In recent years , titanium used in the aerospace industry in a non- growing aerospace continued to hold the " flagship " status. From 1952 titanium used as an engine nacelle fire compartment walls and on the Douglas DC-7 airliner began, has a lot of aircraft structural parts are manufactured using titanium . On the Boeing 757 , the supersonic SR-71 Blackbird , F-22 fighter jets , space satellites and missiles , titanium parts have played a crucial role . If the fan disc inside the aircraft engine blades are manufactured of titanium castings and forgings .

The second applications of titanium is associated with the use of its resistance to corrosion . The maximum amount which is used as an electrode material chlor-alkali production . Titanium anode graphite anode life of 10 times , so that production capacity nearly doubled , saving 15%. An annual output of 10,000 tons of caustic soda , about five tons of titanium .

In the maritime industry in shipbuilding , titanium had been former glory. Manufacturing of the former Soviet Union from 6 to 7 in the 3000 -ton submarine with a titanium high as 560 tons per ship ( which titanium Alfa class submarines in the amount of 908 tons or more ) . In recent years, offshore oil and gas exploration and development titanium displayed tremendous power, only the period from 1997 to 1999 in the North Sea oil and gas development in Europe have invested the $ 15 billion for the construction of 21 vessels and floating production operations platform 64 . A new platform for life safety systems need 50 to 500 tons , titanium stress joints need wedge 50 to 100 tons of titanium , scalable lifter need 400 to 1,200 tons of titanium, fixed lifter need 1,400 to 4,200 tons of titanium .

Known in the energy industry for power generation device with a titanium condenser and heat exchanger , such as our generators are selected titanium tube condenser, with about 700 tons of titanium . Qinshan and Daya Bay Nuclear Power have selected all-titanium condenser. In recent years, geothermal wells geothermal development, titanium is also exhibition style , fully demonstrated their resistance to corrosion . Power steam turbines used in high-temperature geothermal brine corrosive environments, life is short because the other materials which have been replaced by titanium . The advantage of using titanium is that it can improve the life of mining productivity and geothermal heat wells . The United States began in the 1990s in Southern California SaltonSea region hit a mouthful temperatures up to 300 ℃ geothermal wells have been used to make Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy hot-rolled seamless 227 tons . Estimated that within the next decade around the world to develop the geothermal titanium may reach 2,400 tons . China's Tibet region Yangbajin power plants using titanium as its appearance will be greatly changed .

Offshore oil and gas drilling and geothermal development is mainly used Ti-6Al-4VELI, Ti-3Al-2.5V, Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru, Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru and molybdenum-containing Ti-38644 (Ti-3Al- 8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo) and other alloys . Marine fasteners using Ti-5111 (Ti-5Al-1Sn-1Zr-1V-0.8Mo) alloys. To meet the needs of China's marine engineering , but also developed a Ti75, Ti31 and Ti631 and other alloys .

According to statistics, a 200,000 kilowatts thermal power generating units with a capacity of 90 tons of titanium , a nuclear power plant with a titanium content of 80 to 100 tons. Visible amount of titanium and other aspects of energy and corrosion can not ignore .

Golf , biomaterials and automobile manufacturing is titanium three very promising new fields of application .

In the field of sports and recreation , golf input on the dramatic increase in the amount of 1993, has not yet entered the field of titanium , titanium look at the amount of 1997 increased to 4,000 tons. The reason is that titanium bat for high strength , light texture, batting average improved from 20 to 30 yards ( one yard = 0.9144 m ) , or 15%. Titanium bat emergence of the United States increased by 448 during the year 1998 a new stadium .Xinnuo titanium pipe The number of players to reach 25 million people ( close to half of the world ) . 1994 sold only 500 bats in 1995 increased to about 190,000 , while in 1997 actually soared to 1.72 million . Titanium come in handy in the field of recreational sports , ski areas , sledding , ice ax , crampons and other facilities, such as in climbing .

Titanium has excellent biocompatibility, low coefficient of expansion , highly durable and non-magnetic material is an excellent bone support . As the weight of the hip implant is about half of the stainless steel , and also the growth of bone tissue in the cement directly to the titanium implant body . Knee , denture reengineering also use titanium . According to statistics, every year the amount of medical titanium implanted between 600-1000 tons. The use of titanium in addition to Ti-6Al - 4VELI ( ultra-low interstitial oxygen ) , but also the development of aluminum-free ( exempt toxic to the kidneys and lungs ) Timetal21SRx (Ti-2.75Nb-15.2Mo-0.34Fe-0.18Si-0.250) and Timetal21S (Ti-2.9Nb-14-9Mo-0.09Fe-2.9Al-0.22Si-0.140), Ti-6Al-7Nb like titanium .

And development of low-cost production of titanium , the titanium powder processing techniques , it has been possible to extend the application of titanium to the car industry .Xinnuo tittanium bar Spring has started manufacturing titanium in Formula One racing , motorcycle racing and the most advanced Ferrari automotive applications. Shortly estimates obtained in the light car engine valves , connecting rods, suspension springs , exhaust system and fasteners will . Estimated titanium inroads into the automotive market will begin in Japan and the United States. United States each year to produce 16 million cars and light trucks , Honda , Japan advance to the second half of 1998 has titanium valves for Altezza family sedan.