Common forms a stable element in titanium plate in

The main elements of a stable aluminum , gallium , germanium, lanthanum , cerium, neodymium and oxygen , carbon, nitrogen, boron , etc. Recently, some people think scandium and hafnium may also fall into this category . In the industrial application of the most widely used titanium alloy a stable element is aluminum. In recent years, in the development of nearly a gallium -based superalloy CKS growing importance . Therefore ,medical titanium bar there will be described focusing on the role of aluminum and gallium .

1 Ti - Al binary system
The maximum solubility of aluminum in β titanium appeared in 1460 ℃, about 30%. The maximum solubility of aluminum in a titanium appeared in 1080 ℃, about a 11%, 550 ℃ , the solubility of aluminum in a titanium is about 7.5%. There will be two compounds , r phase and a2 -phase general phase diagram . r is an ordered phase based compound TiAL , with a face -centered tetragonal ( almost tetragonal ) lattice ; a = 4.005 Å , c = 4.073 Å , c / a = 1.0162. a2 -phase compound is an ordered group of Ti2AL having a hexagonal lattice , a = 5.8730 Å , c = 4.6543 Å , c / a = 0.8047. a2 phase transition phase can come from the β.

2 titanium - gallium
Titanium - Titanium binary gallium , gallium β titanium solution temperature maximum occurs at about 1500 ℃, approximately 38% (30 atomic% ) . Gallium in a maximum solid titanium in 940 ℃ about 17% (13 atomic% ) . Solubility decreases as the temperature decreases .tittanium bar General a2 phase is the phase diagram for the orderly phase -based Ti3Ga .

and the role of a β elements of titanium and titanium plate

Titanium is a very active metal element , and the effect of a number of elements which can occur, titanium stockist but can affect the properties of titanium and titanium alloys and titanium only those continuous or discontinuous elements of the solid solution is formed .

Role 1.β stabilizing element in titanium and titanium alloys in

β stabilizing elements include titanium located on the right side of the periodic table almost all transition elements and IB elements , about 30 species. The only real common dozen . Wherein the isomorphous β stabilizing elements molybdenum , vanadium, tantalum , niobium, eutectoid β stabilizing elements iron, chromium, manganese, copper , cobalt, nickel, tungsten, palladium and hydrogen. The unique role of hydrogen on titanium alloy will be described in relation to the impact of interstitial elements in titanium .

2.a role in stabilizing element in titanium and titanium alloys

The main elements of a stable aluminum , gallium , germanium, lanthanum , cerium, neodymium and oxygen ,titanium wire carbon, nitrogen, boron , etc. Titanium and titanium alloys in the industry 's most widely used is aluminum a stable element . Titanium aluminum can improve the tensile strength at room temperature and high temperature , high temperature has little effect on plasticity . Within the range of solubility , aluminum can effectively improve the elastic modulus of titanium , shear modulus, specific resistance and line expansion coefficient .

Aluminum and gallium affect the performance of titanium plate

Aluminum and titanium, gallium can increase a + β / β transformation point . 10% aluminum phase transition point can be increased to about 1080 ℃. Gallium ability weaker . Aluminum titanium start improving recrystallization temperature of titanium alloys martensitic transformation start point (MS) is not affected. Excess aluminum and gallium in Ti3M generated based on the ordered phase a2 use temperature . Further titanium wire, the aluminum present in the metastable β phase , phase to promote ω a phase transition , thereby reducing the volume percentage of the time ω alloy phase.

Impact on the performance of aluminum and gallium , aluminum, titanium and gallium can improve the tensile strength at room temperature and high temperature has little effect on the high temperature plasticity. With increasing aluminum content of titanium - aluminum density and Poisson coefficient decreased linearly . Within the range of solubility , aluminum can effectively improve the elastic modulus of titanium , shear modulus, specific resistance and line expansion coefficient . When a2 phase, the emergence of a peak performance .

Titanium - appears to Ti3AL base of a2 ordered phase when the aluminum alloy , titanium alloy increases the tensile strength , ductility and toughness to deteriorate tittanium bar. This ordered phase is often a similar role with Ti3AL resistant titanium alloys for high temperature Ti3Ga phase in phase .

Some common β titanium plate and titanium alloys

Titanium - molybdenum titanium Department
Β titanium and molybdenum having the same lattice type and molybdenum in solid solution β titanium infinite . In a solution of molybdenum titanium at 600 ℃, 0.8% , when the molybdenum content exceeds 24 ~ 28% at 650 ℃ β single phase is formed . Ti - Mo binary system in the solid state is only a ~ β polymorphic transformation. In a titanium- molybdenum solubility of increase with decreasing temperature , titanium is not a supersaturated phase decomposition problem.

2 titanium - titanium vanadium
In the solid titanium shift occurred - exactly molybdenum . Vanadium and β have the same lattice type titanium , vanadium and titanium in the β solid solution is infinite . 600 ℃, vanadium and titanium in a solid solution of 3.5%. At 650 ℃, when the vanadium content of more than 18.5 % to 20% then form a single β -phase solid solution. In the liquid - solid transition , titanium - vanadium binary liquid line appears a minimum. Solubility of vanadium in a phase of decline in tandem with temperature increase , titanium is not a relative supersaturation and its decomposition problem.

3 titanium - niobium titanium Department
Its solid-state transformation and titanium - vanadium same liquid - solid transition similar to titanium - molybdenum . Niobium and titanium infinite β solid solution .surgical implant titanium Niobium at 600 ℃ in a solution of 4% of titanium , when the Nb content exceeds about 50% of the solid solution to form a single β . Its a / a + shape titanium β phase line - molybdenum similar. Nor supersaturated solid solution decomposition problem.

4 Titanium - Tantalum Department of titanium
Tantalum is also unlimited in β titanium solid solution . 600 ℃, a degree of solid solution of tantalum and titanium is 11 % when the content of tantalum is about more than 65% to form a single β solid solution.

5 titanium - iron- titanium
Β titanium iron solubility of 25% maximum , in 1085 ℃. The maximum solid solubility of iron in a 0.5% titanium , about 590 ℃ appear , the following occurs in the eutectoid transformation temperature , the solubility of the eutectoid point of about 15% . β = a + TiFe

6 titanium - . Manganese titanium
Its titanium-rich portion of the titanium - iron binary phase diagram of the Ti-rich part similar. The maximum solid solubility of manganese in the β titanium is about 33 % in 1175 ℃. The maximum solid solubility of manganese in a titanium of about 0.5% titanium rod, in 550 ℃. Eutectoid transformation occurs at this temperature , the solubility of the eutectoid point of about 20% . β = a + TiMn

Other β titanium and titanium plate series of

1 titanium - titanium chromium
And titanium - iron, titanium - different manganese , chromium solid solution in β titanium unlimited . There is a minimum point of chromium liquid line - in titanium. Chromium and titanium in a maximum solubility of about 0.5% , in 670 ℃. Here the presence of the following eutectoid transformation temperature , the solubility of the eutectic point of 15 %. β = a + TiCr2
TiCr2 is an intermetallic compound having a face centered cubic lattice in a low temperature , a = 6.940 Å ; having a hexagonal lattice at a high temperature , a = 4.900 Å , c = 7.927 Å , c / a = 1.6178, a melting point of 1350 ℃.

2 titanium - titanium copper lines
Copper maximum solid solubility of β titanium is 17 % in 990 ℃. And the maximum solid solubility of titanium in a 2.1% in 798 ℃. This occurs in the following eutectoid transformation temperature , the solubility of its eutectic point was 7.1 %. β = a + Ti2Cu
Titanium - titanium-rich portion of the copper-based compounds are the most important Ti2Cu, may occur only when the copper content of more than 40% TiCu phase .

3 titanium - tungsten titanium Department

Titanium - tungsten and titanium - chromium similar in β titanium tungsten is infinite solid solution . In the solid state , it is only one eutectoid transformation : β = a + β2
Its solubility eutectoid point about 28 % eutectoid temperature of 715 ℃. β2 -phase solid solution of tungsten is based. In the eutectoid temperature , solubility in tungsten titanium reaches a maximum of 0.8 %. Clearly, in titanium - tungsten no intermetallic compounds appear.

4 titanium - . Cobalt titanium

Cobalt β titanium maximum solubility of 17% in 1020 ℃. The maximum solid solubility of cobalt and titanium in a range of 1.0 % in 685 ℃. This occurs in the following eutectoid transformation temperature , the solubility of the eutectoid point was 9.5 %. β = a + Ti2Co
Titanium - cobalt titanium-rich part of the binary phase diagram has between two metal compounds : Ti2Co and TiCo. The former is the analysis of the product of the latter only in 38% or more of cobalt .

5 titanium - nickel titanium alloy

Nickel solid solution of β titanium maximum of 13 % in 955 ℃. Nickel- titanium in a solution of 0.2% maximum , in 770 ℃. This occurs in the following eutectoid transformation temperature medical titanium plates, its solubility eutectoid point to 5.0 %. β = a + Ti2Ni
Titanium - nickel titanium-rich part of the binary phase diagram between the two main metal compounds : Ti2Ni and TiNi. The former is eutectoid product , which exists only when more than 38% of nickel .

6 titanium - . Palladium titanium

Palladium maximum solid titanium β of about 49.94% , in 1140 ℃. Palladium and titanium in a solution of about 2.41% maximum , in 578 ℃. In the presence of the following eutectoid transformation temperature , the solubility of the eutectoid point to 24.92% . β = a + Ti4Pd
Obviously , titanium - titanium-rich part of the binary phase diagram of palladium only one intermetallic compound.

7 titanium - titanium silicon

Si in solid solution of β titanium maximum of about 3.0 % in 1340 ℃. A maximum solid solubility in silicon in an amount of 0.45% titanium , in 860 ℃. This occurs in the following eutectoid transformation temperature , its solubility eutectoid point to 0.65 percent . β = a + Ti3Si
Clearly, in titanium - the presence of silicon binary phase diagram of titanium-rich part of the two compounds : Ti3Si and Ti5Si3. The former is a low-temperature phase .titanium wire The latter is the high temperature phase , or a silicon content of more than 16.8% at room temperature exists.

titanium plate and wheelchair in the field

Titanium frames for bicycles and wheelchairs are formed in the mid-1980s , the application of the fast development of titanium , but just when the market began to heat these small , slow down the application process in the world of titanium .

A bicycle frame

In recent years due to defense cuts and uncertainty from floating aircraft industry , the U.S. production of V pipe three companies turned to the bicycle industry , but the world has been produced by a bicycle frame nor 3AI-2.5V to three Boeing 747 aircraft titanium (130t). Currently there are nearly 50 companies producing titanium bicycle , 90 percent of the world's all-titanium frame from several original equipment manufacturers (OE), 10% of the remaining half is produced by the United States itself , the United States has always already is the largest titanium bicycle producer and consumer countries .

This year is likely to be the highest annual sales of titanium frame , probably will produce 17,000 titanium frame , with a total weight of about 27 \ Materials Price $ 5,000,000 , including full titanium tubing, rods and plates .

When the benefits of a growing number of cyclists begin to understand titanium , but feel strapped , with air quality pipe production of Ti-3Al-2.5V frame , each pair of prices between 1600 and $ 3500 the whole bike selling price from $ 2400 to $ 6000 . In the past four years, commercially pure titanium tubes and non- aviation penalty -3AI-2. SV ( Sports Grade ) titanium frame made ​​popular , some sports grade titanium frame lowest retail price $ 1,000 per pair , the whole bike lowest price $ 1,700 . 1985 purchasing power with titanium frame is zero in 1990 to approximately $ 1.5 million by the end of 1995 , the purchasing power of approximately $ 5,000,000 .

2 Bicycle Parts

The bicycle component is the crankshaft connected to the positioning frame , pedal , steering wheel , etc., than the titanium member industry penalty -3 Si 1-2.5V faster frame industry , most of the parts with Ti-6AI- 4V production , mostly bar or plate processing machine parts out . Member with the Ti-6A1-4V Ti-3 bleed strength of only one frame of a 2.5V / 3 , 1997 to approximately 10t. SB cast components can increasingly common development in this respect may be greater than the slow development of machining parts , titanium supplier of titanium parts manufacturers began to offer cheaper materials , most of these low-cost bicycles grade material is actually being elimination of aeronautical materials .

3 wheelchair frame and components

Unlike in many market areas wheelchair bicycle market , the most important difference is that only a small amount of production of titanium wheelchair frame , with most of the slit pipe production of commercially pure titanium , titanium wheelchair total strength of approximately 15t.

Currently only a few companies in the United States has sufficient research and development funds to develop titanium wheelchair or purchase materials. Compared to cheaper aluminum wheelchair, wheelchair few advantages of titanium , titanium screw bolts now in addition ,titanium rod the titanium wheelchair parts industry has not yet formed , although there is a market , but very small, included only a small number of consumable parts , size of the market has not to $ 1,000,000 .

4 Material Requirements

Compact , stiffness , light weight bicycle and wheelchair drive specification for general requirements , titanium is often not the best material, and wrought aluminum and aluminum more popular , if titanium metal matrix composites (MMCs) , then the price down , may become a substitute for some of the aluminum market applications .

Bicycle rack

Material requirements of the frame is very simple, but it is particularly critical driving characteristics , so that the choice of materials in some ways more complex, most of the means of transport, structural elements and internal facilities and operating elements are separated, until recently , all the requirements of the bicycle frame suspension having structural integrity and function .titanium stockists Titanium is not yet a bicycle designed specifically for only some of the material is improved for a bicycle , most people consider to reduce the cost, but the main problem facing the receiving member is a rigid titanium rather than cost .

β stabilizing element in titanium and titanium plate in

β stabilizing element in titanium and titanium alloys mainly from the solid solution strengthening and stabilizing β phase. When β stable over a certain number of elements , titanium has a strengthening effect of heat treatment .

Adding a small amount of β stabilizing element in a form close to a titanium alloy titanium alloys .medical titanium bars This alloy has a weak effect of heat strengthened . Eutectoid elements can be increased quickly at room temperature and high temperature properties of titanium alloys by precipitation compounds. In the heat is often a small amount of titanium silicon , such as TA8 so on.

In a + β titanium alloys to improve the content of such elements can improve the hardenability of the alloy, titanium metastable β titanium apparently hardenability highest . However, when used eutectoid elements should prevent the formation of compounds , causing brittleness. Use of such diverse elements should follow a small number of principles, such as TC10 titanium alloy used in 0.5% Fe and 0.5% Cu, increasing the solid solution strengthening effect. In the heat of a + β titanium alloys are often added to a small amount of fast- silicon eutectic elements to improve creep resistance .

In the β -type alloys , β is the main component of the stabilizing element . They hand the β phase retained, on the one hand from the solid solution strengthening effect . TB1 and TB2 alloys are used a lot of the same eutectic crystal elements and elements work together . At this point should also be noted that the amount of eutectoid elements added to try to avoid precipitation of compounds.

High molybdenum , high niobium titanium stabilized β is an excellent corrosion resistance to reducing media materials titanium axles. Plus palladium cobalt corrosion resistant materials and processing have long been used in foreign countries .