2014年5月26日星期一

titanium plate suppliers Titanium has high strength and density and small

Extensive use of titanium alloys
Titanium has high titanium plate suppliers strength and density and small, good mechanical properties, good toughness and corrosion resistance. In addition, poor process performance titanium alloys, machining difficulties in thermal processing, the very
Easy to absorb nitrogen hydroxide carbon and other impurities. There are poor abrasion resistance, complex production process. Titanium industrial production began in 1948. Requires the development of the aviation industry, the titanium industry average
Annual growth rate of about 8% growth. Currently the world's titanium plates titanium alloy production reached 40,000 tons' of nearly 30 kinds of titanium alloys. Is the most widely used titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V
(TC4) 'Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (TA7) and commercially pure titanium (TA1, TA2 and TA3).
Titanium is mainly used for the production of aircraft engine compressor components, followed by structure rockets, missiles and high-speed aircraft. Mid-1960s, titanium and its alloys have been used in general industry
Electrodes for the production of electrolytic industry, power plants condenser, heater and desalination petroleum refining and environmental pollution control devices. Titanium and its alloys have become a corrosion
Structural materials. In addition, titanium plates for sale for the production of hydrogen storage materials and shape memory alloys.

2014年5月21日星期三

titanium whole distributor China laser forming of titanium alloy components than the U.S.

  Recent CCTV program " Face to Face" on the F -15 had an interview with the chief architect of Sun Cong , which disclose a lot of important information about the "Flying Shark" developed . titanium whole distributor Which CCTV reporters Cong Sun , also spoke in particular of the " next generation of aircraft should definitely have plans ." This makes the future of China 's military enthusiasts carrier aircraft and more full of expectation . But we are looking forward to the second generation of domestic aircraft carriers , while the J-15 may wish to present a more objective and comprehensive understanding. Chinese aircraft carriers in the process of development, the J-15 is by no means merely a platform to meet the initial landing of aircraft , more than those who were later replaced by the short-lived "third generation fighter " , but to be in a long-term process the main role of an offense and defense .
November 2012 , CCTV reported during the first carrier-based aircraft taking off and landing aircraft , the F -15 is so introduced : a successful landing on the Liaoning number of F- 15 fighter , is China 's first self- designed and developed carrier -based multirole fighter , with completely independent intellectual property rights , it has a combat radius , mobility, payload and more features ; according to different combat missions, carry multiple anti-ship missiles, air to air missiles, ground missiles and precision-guided bombs and other precision strike weapons , with full sea , the whole airspace strike capability. The performance of the J-15 , Su-33 with Russia , the United States and other world F/A-18 main carrier-based fighter comparable active , so as the ferocious powerful air "flying shark ."
SUN Cong in the CCTV program " Face to Face" is the definition of F -15 : J-15 is the first generation to produce air -based multi-role fighter of our country, should belong to the third-generation fighter , the difference is such a difference , it China 's titanium plate suppliers aviation started quite late , but the starting point has the advantage .
To produce a space-based multi-role fighter , the J-15 is a qualitative judgment. In "Face to Face " program commentary revealed that the F -15 F -11 fighter is based on the development of our own production , the assembly has canard , folding wings , tail hook fitted with stern features , such as carrier-based aircraft , high gear strength. As we all know , J-11 is a twin-engine heavy " air superiority " fighter , so on the basis of its research and development of the F -15, in the fight for control of the air have certain advantages. Russia's Su-33 also reflects this feature , from the indicators, the Su-33 in addition to weight ratio on behind the Rafale M, while basic and F/A-18E and Rafale M flat in other areas, and the Soviet Union - the weight ratio to more than 33 Super Hornet , so the air combat capability to more than F/A-18E.
But it is generally for the Su-33 combat performance is not good, because the Su-33 is the first empty weight too . Su-33 's empty weight reached 18.4 tons , more than the F/A-18E of 13.4 tons , is much larger than the "Rafale M" of 9.7 tons . This means that the Su-33 payload plate titanium and fuel takeoff in carrying amount will be relatively limited, which limits the performance of the Su-33 in combat . Followed avionics relatively backward . Su-33 avionics basically behind the F/A-18E fighter 10-15 years. With the United States has a strong F/A-18E avionics base , which has better avionics and man-machine interface , which make up the gap with the Su-33 's flight performance alone . U.S. aircraft carrier battle group plus the warning means , the actual combat "Super Hornet" instead of pressing the Su-33 to play .
Therefore, it is very similar to the evaluation and control of the air performance of the J-15 Su-33 , but also to see whether it can solve these two major problems. The first is the weight loss. Modern fighter to lose weight, there are two ways nothing less . The first is to optimize the design , and the second is the use of new materials. Former Soviet Su-27 design fully embodies the idea of ​​weight loss . The use of more than 60% of aircraft aluminum , due to the widespread adoption of integrated structural system layout , the overall , integrated structure and layout , structural design partial rationalization to reduce the structural weight . The Sun Cong also mentioned in the CCTV interview : " weight loss is a very complex work , if at first you load the design, the structure of this design dexterity , the efficiency of the structure is in the selection, and so on. other to achieve reduction in weight of the final series . "
Besides the extensive use of new materials has become a common method of combat aircraft to lose weight . Weight loss in the application of new materials , the use of titanium and composite materials are becoming more mainstream . F-22 titanium and composite materials using the ratio has reached 66% , while the traditional steel and aluminum is less than 20 %. From the recent media reports , China in the development of aviation titanium is very fast. China's titanium research and development, its performance level , production technology, processes and standards currently have reached the world advanced level. In the processing of titanium, January 18, 2013 2012 annual meeting of the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, Professor Wang Huaming Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics presided over the " large complex plane forming an integral member titanium laser technology" First State Technological Invention Award Award. This means that China has become the country after the United States , the world's second master aircraft titanium alloy structural components rapid prototyping and laser technology . And our country is better than the United States has been able to produce laser forming titanium components, to become the world's only master laser forming titanium large main bearing components manufactured and put into practical country. China 's J- 15 if they can embody innovative design titanium plate suppliers features to minimize the weight of the structure , while a large number of new applications aviation titanium and other materials on the materials, coupled with the country already have some basic composites, the empty weight of the F -15 to achieve the decrease is absolutely no problem.
Followed in the avionics field . With respect to the former Soviet Union , China 's electronics industry is rapidly catching up the world advanced level . On airborne fire control radar, China 's J-10 , J- 11 has been equipped with multi-function pulse Doppler radar , according to media reports more new F-10B fighter equipped with phased array radar. Since China on phased array radar transceiver components and VLSI technology has made ​​great progress , so the F- 15 airborne radar in terms of fully capable and " Super Hornet" in the same grade , and can even reach gusts M level. And in the past and have been complex and cumbersome Soviet fighter cockpit flight instruments compared to China's large fleet of three generations of fighters have installed a large number of multi-function displays, and even spend a color LCD display. In the CCTV program " Face to Face" , some users have found that the J-15 cockpit simulator there are at least three multi-function display . It should be said , the F -15 cockpit whole technical level , although not comparable with the F-35, but reached the level of M Super Hornet is no problem .
So now we have to judge the performance of the J-15 , "and the Russian Su-33 , the United States and other titanium tube stock world serving the main carrier-based F/A-18 fighter comparable " is not mere propaganda but has real technical basis . But now a lot of point of view, the F -15 flying leaps slippery way , there are inherent deficiencies , limiting the J-15 multi-purpose aspects of sea attacks on the performance of the ground . Well, J-15 can not be converted into a catapult off?
Jet aircraft carrier aircraft flying leaps off the slide to eject the world seems to be no precedent . But that does not violate the basic laws of modern aircraft design . Generally considered to catapult off part of the landing gear strengthened, while flying leaps slip you do not need ; And both need to block cable landing approach , the structure of the body and therefore must be strengthened to cope with the huge impact landing brought . It can be seen to be modified F- 15 catapult takeoff , it is necessary to increase the weight . After some calculations , now converted catapult takeoff F -15 to strengthen the landing gear may have to gain weight 300 kg . This strict control of the empty weight of the J-15 , it is not good news . But also with a view of the F- 15 converted into the catapult can also lose weight, because the original slide flying leaps in order to improve the performance and design of low-speed flight -lift devices, such as the F -15 canard , etc. , you can catapult takeoff under way canceled. Thus , compared to calculate the modified F -15 increasing weight can be controlled at 200 kg. And in the " face to face" program, many users found that the F -15 landing gear " very thick " , so some people do have to determine the J-15 loaded catapult take-off "program ." Catapult takeoff can further increase the F -15 fully loaded takeoff weight , thereby increasing the fuel load and the F -15 weapon mount titanium rod stock capability, which has a very large significance for the F- 15 aircraft carrier battle groups to improve their performance .
Thus, " an airplane out of a series of development is certainly , then this series to a certain extent , there will almost certainly be the next generation of aircraft arrangements ." We should SUN Cong chief architect of the program, said these words , be depth thinking. Some people may think that the development of the J-15 ejection type of equipment requires China has an aircraft carrier catapult , it is definitely not happen overnight. So at this time, why the Chinese J-15 efforts, not as a direct development of a new generation of stealth aircraft carrier .
But in fact , the Air Force and Navy air combat styles are very different . Air Force Materiel fourth generation fighter is without a doubt the king . However, naval equipment , the development of fourth-generation stealth aircraft is even more complex, and the status of three generations of heavy machine also more than we thought it would be stable .

2014年5月15日星期四

titanium whole distributor impurity contamination caused by gas embrittlement

Material characteristics of titanium alloys and welding
Material characteristics ( a ) titanium : density ( about 4.5g/cm3), high tensile strength (441 ~ 1470MPa), that is the great strength ratio ( strength / density ) large . In sea water and most acids, alkalis, salts medium all have excellent corrosion resistance compared .
Weldability (b ) a titanium alloy , having a number of significant features, which are due to the physical and titanium whole distributor chemical characteristics of welding titanium is determined .
1 impurity contamination caused by gas embrittlement of welded joints
At room temperature , titanium and titanium alloys are relatively stable. However, in the welding process , the liquid metal droplet and the pool has a strong absorption effect of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and in the solid state , with these gases have a role. With increasing temperature , titanium and titanium alloys absorb hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen capacity also will rise significantly , about 250 ℃ titanium began to absorb hydrogen , began to absorb oxygen from 400 ℃ , 600 ℃ began to absorb nitrogen from these after the gas is absorbed directly will cause embrittlement of welded joint is extremely important factor affecting the quality of welding .
( A ) Effect of hydrogen is
Impurities in the hydrogen gas to affect the mechanical properties of titanium most serious factor. The impact of changes in hydrogen content in the weld performance the most significant effect on the weld , mainly due to the increase of the hydrogen bomb with the seam with the amount deposited weld flake or needle TiH2 increased. TiH2 low intensity , the effect of the sheet-like or needle guard according to HiH2 notch impact properties significantly reduce aggregate ; weld hydrogen to reduce the amount of change effect of improving the strength and the ductility is not very significant .
( 2) The effect of oxygen
With the oxygen content of plate titanium the weld is substantially increase the oxygen content in the argon gas increases linearly with the increase of the oxygen content of the weld , the weld hardness and tensile strength significantly increased , and the plasticity is significantly reduced. In order to ensure the performance of welded joints , the welding process should prevent the weld and HAZ fat oxidation.
( 3 ) the impact of nitrogen
At temperatures above 700 ℃ , plays the role of nitrogen and the titanium , titanium nitride is formed a hard brittle (TiN) is formed of titanium and nitrogen and the slip degree of lattice distortion caused by solid solution of the gap , the consequences caused by the same amount of oxygen than more seriously , so nitrogen to improve industrial pure titanium weld tensile strength , hardness, ductility properties of the weld reduced more significant than that of oxygen . When the nitrogen content in the weld than 0.13% , the weld due to the brittle and cracks .
( 4 ) the impact of carbon
Carbon is also common in titanium and titanium impurities, experiments showed that when the carbon content of 0.13 % or less, because deep in the α carbon titanium weld strength limit somewhat improved plasticity some decline, but not as strong role of oxygen and nitrogen . But when further increase the carbon content of the weld , the weld has appeared mesh TiC, their number increased with the carbon content and increase the weld plastic sharp decline in the welding prone to stress cracking .titanium plate for sale  When the carbon content of 0.55% weld , the weld disappearance of almost all the plastic and the material becomes very brittle . Weld heat treatment can not eliminate this brittleness. Of technical conditions , the carbon content of the titanium alloy of the base material is not more than 0.1% , the carbon content of the weld does not exceed the base material carbon content.
2 titanium weld defects and Mechanism .
( 1 ) Color oxide
Around about 250 ℃ titanium begins to absorb hydrogen and oxygen to be absorbed from 400 ℃ , 600 ℃ starts from the absorption of nitrogen , and the air contains large amounts of nitrogen and oxygen species . Titanium during welding , argon gas protection layer is formed by welding guns can better protect the weld pool from the harmful effects of air , which has been solidified in the vicinity of the weld and no high-temperature state near protection, while the area around the weld titanium tube titanium rod stock and in this state is still strong absorption of nitrogen and oxygen in the air capability . Gradually increased with the degree of oxidation , and changes in the laws of titanium weld seam plastic drop colors occur. Silver-white ( no oxidation ) , golden yellow (TiO, slightly oxidized ) , blue (Ti2O3, oxidation slightly serious ) , gray (TiO2, oxidation severe ) .

2014年5月5日星期一

plate titanium Memory alloy is an atomic arrangement

Memory alloys for artificial heart
Memory alloy is an atomic arrangement is very rules into martensite is less than 0.5% by volume of phase change alloy . This alloy will be deformed under an external force when the external force is removed, under certain temperature conditions , can restore the original shape. plate titanium Because it has more than a million times to restore function, so called " memory alloys ." Of course it is not like the human brain thinking and memory , more accurately should be called " shape memory alloys ." In addition, the memory alloy also has a non-magnetic, wear and corrosion , non-toxic advantages, so widely used. Scientists have now discovered dozens of different memory alloys , such as titanium - nickel alloy, gold - cadmium alloy, copper - zinc alloy.
What is memory alloy 1870s , the world there is a materials science with alloy " memory" shape function . Memory is a rather special alloy metal bars , it can easily be bent , we put it in the container of hot water aquarium , metal strips rushed forward ; put it into cold water , the metal strip is restored the status quo. Container of cold water in the aquarium , the stretch of a spring , when the spring into the hot water , springs and automatically folded up . Cold water in the spring to restore its original state , while in hot water , it will shrink , spring can be an unlimited number of stretching and shrinking , shrinking again opened. The memory consists of an titanium whole distributor  intelligent made ​​of metal , the microstructure of which has two relatively stable at high temperatures of the alloy can be turned into any shape you want, the alloy at lower temperatures can be stretched , but if it is reheated , it will remember its original shape , and change back. This material is called memory metal (memory metal). It is mainly a nickel titanium material. For example , a helical superalloy, after high temperature annealing , which is in the shape of a spiral state. At room temperature , that is forced to use a lot of effort to straighten it , but as long as it is heated to a certain " abnormal temperature ," which seemed to root alloy remembered something, now restored to its original helical shape . How is this going ? Did alloy also has a kind of human memory ? Original not the case ! It's just the use of certain alloys law changes the crystal structure in the solid state with temperature only. For example , a nickel - titanium alloy 40oC 40oC above and below the crystal structure is different, but the temperature change in the vertical 40oC , will be contracted or expanded metal , such that its shape is changed . Here , 40oC is a nickel - titanium shape memory alloy "abnormal temperature ." Various alloys have their own perverted temperature. Abnormal high temperature superalloys above that . At high temperatures it is spirally formed in a stable state . At room temperature when it forcibly straightened, it is in an unstable state , so long as it is heated to a temperature of metamorphosis , it is immediately restored to the spiral shape of the original is in a stable state . Classification and application of shape memory alloy can be divided into three types: ( 1 ) one-way shape memory alloy memory effect deformation at low temperature before heating the deformed shape recoverability , which exists only in the heating process of shape memory One way is called memory effect . ( 2 ) Two-way memory effect of certain alloys with shape recovery temperature heating , cooling can restore the shape of the low temperature phase , called the two-way memory effect. ( 3 ) recovery throughout the high-temperature phase shape memory effect heating , cooling into the same shape and the shape of the opposite orientation of the low-temperature phase , called the whole memory effect. Three kinds of memory effect is shown below. Has been successfully developed TiNi shape memory alloy based shape memory alloys, copper-based shape memory alloys , titanium tube stock iron-based shape memory alloys. The earliest reports of the shape memory effect and Read by Chang et al made ​​in 1952 . They observed Au-Cd alloy reversible phase transformation . Later in the Cu-Zn alloys also found the same phenomenon, but did not attract widespread attention . Until 1962 , Buehler and his collaborators observed with macroscopic shape memory effects such as changes in the atomic ratio of TiNi alloy , it attracted the attention of materials science and industry . By the early 1970s , CuZn, CuZnAl, CuAlNi also found in other alloys with shape memory effect martensitic transformation related . For decades, research on shape memory alloy has gradually become an important issue of international conferences and phase change materials conferences , and has held a number of symposia , and constantly enrich and improve the martensitic transformation theory . In theory deepening , while the application of shape memory alloys have also made considerable progress, its scope of application involves many areas of mechanical , electronic, chemical , aerospace , energy and medical. Specific applications of shape memory alloys below. Industrial applications: ( 1 ) the use of one-way shape memory effect of a one-way shape recovery . Such as pipe fittings, antenna , rings and so on. ( 2 ) extrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of one-way shape memory effect and lifting to do with the temperature outside help repeated actions, such as heat-sensitive components, robots, terminals , etc. ( 3 ) intrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of two-way memory effect with temperature elevating do repeated actions, such as heat engines , thermal components. But such applications faster memory decay , poor reliability , not commonly used. ( 4 ) ultra- flexible application . Such as springs , terminal, eyeglass frames and so on. Medical Applications : biocompatibility TiNi alloy good use of its shape memory effect and superelasticity medical instances considerable . If the filter thrombosis , spinal orthopedic rods, tooth orthopedic wire, cerebral aneurysm clips, plates , intramedullary nail , artificial joints, contraceptive devices , cardiac repair components, artificial kidneys using a micro- pumps. Tech applications Outlook: The 20th century was the era of mechanical and electrical science . Sensing - IC - driving is the most typical mechanical and electronic control systems, but the complexity and huge . Shape memory materials both sensing and driven dual function , the control system can achieve miniaturization and intelligent robots such as holograms , ultra- millimeter micro robots. The 21st century will be the era of e- learning materials . Action shape memory alloy robot addition to temperature conditions without any environmental impact is expected in high-tech fields reactors, accelerators , space laboratories flourish. Memory alloy spoke alloys, of course, talk about the most interesting alloys - memory alloy . Metal has a memory , an accidental discovery : the early 1960s , a research team from the U.S. Navy led to some of the warehouse nitinol wire experiments , they found that these alloy wire winding , very easy to use , so he took these alloy wire a root straightened. During the test , a strange phenomenon , they found that when the temperature rose to a certain value , which has been straightened nitinol wire suddenly restored to its original state bent , they are good at observing the heart, and repeated done several tests , the results have confirmed these filaments do ? "memory ." The discovery of Naval Research , and aroused great interest in the scientific community , a large number of scientists have conducted in-depth research . Found that zinc alloy , copper-aluminum -nickel alloy , copper-molybdenum -nickel alloy , zinc alloy, copper and gold also have this strange ability . It may be in a certain range , according to the need to change the shape of these alloys to a particular temperature, they automatically return to their original shape , and this " change - recovery " may be repeated several times , regardless of how changes they always remember the shape of his own time , to this temperature , it is no less to the prototype reproduction. It is called the shape memory effect of this phenomenon , the metal having such a shape memory effect is called a titanium rod stock shape memory alloy , referred to as memory alloy . Why are these alloys can have such a shape memory effect ? How they remember their original shape ? With the general theory of metallic bonds , free electron theory is difficult to explain the effect of this memory alloy . Memory alloy under certain temperature conditions can be restored to original shape for sports extranuclear - movement with temperature changes , provides an excellent example. It is due to the formation of the alloy at high temperature of the liquid metal melt each other , since the structure of the liquid metal element rejection , resulting in the structure of another metal element and the structure of each element of this element uniform solidification , its microstructure is ordered different types of structure element proportional to the electromagnetic force is the main object of the alloy constituting the cohesion . The electromagnetic force is formed by the valence and electronic operation of the electronic operating rate changes with temperature , so the electromagnetic force ( size, direction , action point ) is also inside the object temperature conditions. The resulting internal forces of metal objects with temperature changes , but these changes within a small range of temperature difference is not obvious , only performance only in the larger temperature changes ( several hundred degrees C) . Force in the general metal , can be plastically deformed as a wire is bent , the bending portion , the electromagnetic force by the external disturbance , resulting in operation of an electromagnetic plane and force electrons to the valence micro adjustment , a plastic deformation completed . Due to the different types of memory alloy structural element uniform blending with each other , despite the different size of the structure element tall, electromagnetic force , but each has its own price and speed up the operation , under certain temperature conditions adjacent peace and quiet . After the external force , the electromagnetic force of the external disturbance , and the valence electrons run to the plane of trace angle adjustment , the object is plastically deformed , in this plastic deformation , the price and the adjustment operation of the electronic part is not stretched . When the rate of change of temperature change with current prices and electrons when the temperature returns to the refreshing phase of development (transition temperature ) conditions , and does not stretch the valence electrons immediately run back to the time rate of change along the electromagnetic force , the adjacent structural element of price and running are also adjusted accordingly , the entire stretch back to the original state , so the whole object also return to the original state. This is the memory of the process memory alloy . In fact, the memory metal has long been found : a straight wire bent to a right angle (90 °), a release , it is necessary to restore it to form an angle larger than 90 ° . Put a bent wire straightening , it must fold to over 180 ° and then released, so that it can just return to the straight state, which is the Chinese idiom spoken overkill. There is a better memory alloy spring , ( talking about here is a steel spring , steel is an iron -carbon alloy ) spring firmly remember their shape , force a withdrawal , immediately return to their original appearance, only a wide temperature memory spring , so there is not a specific memory alloys transition temperature, which has some special functions . With the memory alloy deformation function at a particular temperature , the temperature can produce a variety of devices, the temperature control circuit can be produced , thermostatic door , temperature of the pipe connection . People have made ​​use of automatic memory alloy fire hydrant - fire temperature, memory alloy deformation, so that the valve opens, water spray fire. Making a connection to connect the mechanical parts , pipes , titanium plate suppliers
Shape memory alloys have been found so far a dozen memory alloy system. Include Au-Cd, Ag-Cd, Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Zn-Sn, Cu-Zn-Si, Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn-Ga, In-Ti, Au-Cu-Zn , NiAl, Fe-Pt, Ti-Ni, Ti-Ni-Pd, Ti-Nb, U-Nb and Fe-Mn-Si , etc.
Application memory alloy application memory alloy is widely used. For example, the fastening pin machinery, fittings, fire alarm on electronic equipment , connectors , integrated circuits, soldering , artificial heart valves for medical , chiropractic stick, skull repair surgery, orthopedic and oral teeth mandible repair surgery. It will also play a magical performance in a communications satellite , color TV , temperature controllers and toys , etc., will also be new material on all fronts , modern maritime, aviation , aerospace , transportation , textile and so on.

air refueling aircraft interface is the use of a shape memory alloy - two oil pipes tacking , the use of electric heating temperature change , the interface memory alloy deformation, so that the interface tight dripping ( oil ) does not leak . Making the area of ​​several hundred square meters of space station antenna from Fair - first made large parabolic antennas or planar , folded into a ball on the ground, with the spacecraft to the space , the temperature changes , since the development of a large area and the original shape. Memory alloys have been to dozens of current development in the aerospace, military, industrial, agricultural , medical and other fields have a purpose , and the development trend is very impressive, it is grand plans for the benefit of mankind.